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    Characteristics of meat emulsion systems as influenced by different levels of lemon albedo
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2008) Sarıçoban, Cemalettin; Özalp, B.; Yılmaz, Mustafa Tahsin; Özen, G.; Karakaya, Mustafa; Akbulut, Mehmet
    The effect of the addition of lemon albedo on the functional properties of emulsions was studied by using a model system. Oil/water (O/W) model emulsion systems were prepared by the addition of two types of lemon albedo (raw and dehydrated) at five concentrations (0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10%) to mechanically deboned chicken meat. The emulsion capacity, stability, viscosity and flow properties of the prepared model emulsions were analyzed. In addition, the colour parameters of cooked emulsion gel were determined. The addition of lemon albedo increased the emulsion capacity (EC) and the highest EC value was reached with 5% of albedo added. However, further increase in the albedo concentration caused an inverse trend in the EC values. A similar trend was observed in the emulsion stability (ES) values. Dehydrated albedo (DA) addition caused higher EC and ES values than did raw albedo (RA). DA increased the L*, a* and b* values of the cooked emulsion gels. Emulsion viscosity (EV) values were positively correlated with an increase in albedo concentration and the highest EV value was obtained from the emulsions with 10% albedo. Albedo addition did not change the flow properties of the emulsions and, in addition, increased the pseudoplasticity. As a consequence, the use of lemon albedo might be a potential dietary fiber source to enhance the functional and technological properties for frankfurter-type meat products. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Rheological Characteristics of Juniperus drupiacea Fruit Juice (pekmez) Concentrated by Boiling
    (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2008) Akbulut, Mehmet; Çoklar, H.; Özen, G.
    Rheological parameters of Juniperus drupacea fruit pekmez were evaluated using a rotational viscometer at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees C and at concentrations of 62.8, 68.9, 72.0, and 75.2% total soluble solids. The flow characteristics of Juniperus drupacea fruit pekmez were described by the power law and Herschel-Bulkley models. The Herschel-Bulkley model was found to be the best to describe the rheological property with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.993. Juniperus drupacea pekmez exhibited a time-independent shear thickening behavior. The effect of temperature on viscosity can be described by means of an Arrhenius equation. Depending on the soluble solid contents, the activation energies for flow of diluted samples vary from 78.23 to 60.38 kJ/mol. The effect of soluble solids on viscosity can be described by an exponential equation. Experimental data were fitted to several models in order to describe the effect of temperature and soluble solid content. The combined effect of temperature and soluble solid content on viscosity was also formulated.