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    Effect of Different Treatments on Branching of Some Apple Trees in Nursery
    (SPRINGER, 2017) Ipek, Muzaffer; Arikan, Seyma; Pirlak, Lutfi; Esitken, Ahmet
    This study was conducted to determine effect of different treatments on branching of one-year-old 'Fuji', 'Granny Smith' and 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' trees which grafted on M9 rootstock. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas BA-8) strain, 6aEuroBenzyl Adenin (BA) and pinching were used to promote branching. The BA (300 ppm) and BA-8 (10(9)CFU/ml) were applied to first twenty centimeters of the top part of trees. The BA, BA-8 and Pinching was applied to trees at 75 cm in length. According to our results, BA-8 and pinching increased number of branches compared to control and BA treatments for all cultivars. BA-8 increased number of branches in 'Fuji', 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' and 'Granny Smith' from 2.71, 1.70 to 4.25 branches/tree, respectively while pinching increased 1,95 branches/tree in 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' and 4,01 branches/tree. The highest branch's angle was obtained from BA-8 bacteria in 'Fuji' (64.46A degrees), and 'Red Delicious, Red Chief' (52.08A degrees) and 'Granny Smith' (56.91A degrees). BA-8 bacteria treatment was found alternative practice instead of pinching in terms of branching performance.
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    Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Fe Acquisition in Peach (Prunus Persica L) Under Calcareous Soil Conditions
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2018) Arikan, Seyma; Esitken, Ahmet; Ipek, Muzaffer; Aras, Servet; Sahin, Murat; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen
    The effects of Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 were tested on peach cv. Elegant Lady' on GF677 and Nemaguard rootstocks. Average increases in citric, malic, oxalic, butyric and fumaric acid in the leaf were obtained from rhizobacterial root inoculations of 33.1, 17.5, 21.7, 26.5, and 44.7% in Elegant Lady/Nemaguard, respectively. FF1 showed the highest FC-R activity in the roots of Nemaguard (112.4nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)) and GF677 (162nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)). The highest FC-R activity in the leaf was with MFDCa2 in Elegant Lady/Nemaguard (57.1nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)) and 637Ca in Elegant Lady/GF677 (87.9nmolFWgr(-1)hr(-2)). PGPR strains used in this study expressed increased leaf organic acid content, FC-R activity in the roots and leaf, increased active Fe content in the leaf, and possessed a great potential for the improvement of iron availability to plants.
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    Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)
    (SPRINGER, 2016) Arikan, Seyma; Pirlak, Lutfi
    The sour cherry cv. 'Kutahya' is one of the most produced cultivars in Turkey. This study was conducted with cultivar 'Kutahya' cultivated on Prunus mahalep both 2010 and 2011 years. In this study, the effects of Bacillus mycoides T8 and Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 bacteria strains on yield, fruit properties and plant growth was aimed to investigate. Floral and foliar applications of T8, OSU-142 and T8+OSU-142 on sour cherry significantly increased the yield per tree, shoot length and leaf area, compared with the control. The highest shoot length was found in the T8+OSU-142 (51.74 cm) application while the least value was found in the control (46.71 cm). The yield increased from 8.229aEuro-kgtree(-1) (in control) to 13.663 (T8 application) and to 11.660aEuro-kgtree(-1) (T8+OSU-142 application) in average of two years. The results of the present study suggested that Bacillus T8 and Bacillus OSU-142, alone or in combination, have a great potential for the enhancement of yield and plant growth of sour cherry and therefore they have been suggested in growth promotion in sour cherry cultivation.
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    Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced leaf organic acids, FC-R activity and Fe nutrition of apple under lime soil conditions
    (SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018) Aras, Servet; Arikan, Seyma; Ipek, Muzaffer; Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen; Turan, Metin
    Iron chlorosis in the calcareous soils is one most important stress factors worldwide that limits photosynthesis and decreases fruit yield and quality. Certain soil rhizobacteria produce organic compounds such as plant acids and they may reduce the soil rhizosphere pH and affect ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity in root. However, there is no knowledge regarding changes in organic acids content and FC-R activities of leaf due to rhizobacterial root inoculation. Therefore, the efficiency of six plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were tested on apple cv. Braeburn on M9 and MM106 rootstocks. The results of the experiment showed leaf organic acid contents, iron quantity of soil, root and leaf and root and leaf FC-R activity were significantly affected via rhizobacteria applications in apple plants. In MM106 and M9, there was a remarkable increase in Fe in M3 inoculated soil by 95 and 89%, respectively, compared to control. Average increases in citric, malic, malonic, butyric and lactic acid in the leaf were obtained from rhizobacterial root inoculations of 25.1, 21.8, 29.6, 18.0 and 18.2% in Braeburn/MM106, respectively. In Braeburn/M9, MFDCa1 application increased all organic acid concentrations compared to the control. MFDCa2 treatment caused the maximum leaf FC-R activity in Braeburn on M9 and MM106 (60.9 and 50.3 nmol Fe+2 g(-1) FW h(-1), respectively) while the least values were determined in the control (33.5 and 29.9 nmol Fe+2 g(-1) FW h(-1), respectively). This study showed the bacterial strains tested in our study may be used as a biofertilizer instead of Fe fertilizers.
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    Root plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculations increase ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity and Fe nutrition in pear under calcareous soil conditions
    (ELSEVIER, 2017) Ipek, Muzaffer; Aras, Servet; Arikan, Seyma; Esitken, Ahmet; Pirlak, Lutfi; Donmez, Mesude Figen; Turan, Metin
    Iron deficiency occurring in calcareous soil is a problem in various plants. It is well known that some soil bacteria can release organic acids that can decrease the pH of the soil rhizosphere. However, there have been no attempts to study the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including organic acid releasing bacteria, on the organic acid contents of the leaf and FC-R activity in the roots and leaves under calcareous soil conditions. Therefore, pear plants were inoculated with 6 bacterial strains with the aim of acquiring iron under calcareous conditions. Uniform 1-year-old pear cv. Deveci sapling grafted on BA-29 and OHF-333 rootstocks were planted in plastic pots containing 10 L of loamy soil at 29.6% CaCO3. All bacteria were applied to the roots as an inoculation before planting. The root and leaf Fe content, FC-R activity, leaf organic acids, and soil Fe content were compared in the Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 strains. The study showed that the leaf organic acid content and the Fe content in the soil, root and leaf were significantly affected by the bacterial treatments in pear plants. It was determined that the total and active Fe in the leaf was higher in OHF-333 compared to BA-29 by 7% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the leaf FC-R activity of Deveci on OHF-333 was 8% higher than that on BA-29. In the Deveci/BA-29 plants, the 637Ca treatment had the highest root FC-R activity value (107 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FW h(-2)). The highest leaf FC-R activity value was obtained from the MFDCa1, MFDCa2 and FF1 treatments (58.4, 56.3 and 55.7 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FWh(-2), respectively). The bacterial strains used in the present study have an important potential to be used as a biofertilizer to replace the use of iron fertilizers. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.