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Öğe Guidance services and legal regulations aimed at interpreters and guides in the 19th century Ottoman Empire(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Arslan, Aytug; Polat, Hasan AliAt the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire viewed guidance services as being of great importance, and after some adjustments had been made, it came to regard 'guidance' as a profession. With the first regulation in 1890, it was agreed that certificates would be presented to people with certain qualifications, which meant that engaging in interpretation or guidance without a certificate was illegal. Because of the difficulties that appeared in the following years, various changes in the regulations had to be made. From the end of the century onwards, there were attempts to establish a guidance community. In this study, Turkey's first professional tourist guides, guidance services and legal regulations will be illustrated in the light of Ottoman Archive documents and the travel guides of the period. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The Ottoman Empire's first attempt to establish hotels in Istanbul: The Ottoman Imperial Hotels Company(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2015) Arslan, Aytug; Polat, Hasan AliThe number of travellers from Europe to Turkey, and especially Istanbul, increased dramatically as travel conditions improved pursuant to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. However, the capital city of the Ottoman Empire was not equipped with adequate accommodations to host these visitors. Therefore, they had to take some measures to deal with this problem. This study gives an account of the Ottoman Imperial Court's first attempt to establish modern hotels to meet the needs to accommodate the growing number of visitors to Istanbul. This study provides the first examination of the imperial edict authorizing the establishment of the Ottoman Imperial Hotel Company and the construction of a hotel, the earliest documents related to this issue. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Revival of the non-existing intangible cultural heritage in the ancient cities and its reflections on tourism in Turkey(WORLD SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING ACAD AND SOC, 2008) Arslan, AytugThere is a strict relationship between tourism and heritage. Heritage converts locations into destinations and tourism makes them economically viable as exhibits of themselves. Locations become museums of themselves within a tourism economy. They stage their own rebirth as displays of what they once were. In terms of tourism development, intangible cultural heritage is an important element of any destination's tourism resources. In this study, the ways how to revive the Greeks' and Romans' daily lives in the ancient cities of Aphrodisias, Miletus and Ephesus and the contribution of this policy to the tourism in Turkey are discussed.Öğe Travel from Europe to Istanbul in the 19th century and the Quarantine of Canakkale(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2017) Arslan, Aytug; Polat, Hasan AliWith the industrial revolution and the use of steam power in marine transportation, a significant increase in the number of expeditions from Europe to Turkey, especially to Istanbul, occurred. Infectious diseases, such as cholera and the plague, that were prevalent throughout a wide geographical area from India to Europe occasionally reached epidemic proportions during the 19th century. The extension of international trade made the port cities potential sources of contagious diseases throughout the Mediterranean. This article explores how Ottoman officials addressed the consequent risk of disease transmission. Quarantine structures were used to isolate maritime travellers and crew, called Lazarettos, were used in the framework of applications as determined by legal regulations. Generally, the days spent in quarantine, which exceeded the duration of the journey between destinations, as well as poor accommodation conditions negatively affected the travellers. The Ottoman state also attempted to enforce precautions against contagious diseases, such as cholera and the plague, as they were among greatest problems of that century. Due to the cholera epidemic in 1831, all ships that arrived in Istanbul from the Black Sea were placed under quarantine by the Ottoman state. In 1835, a quarantine centre was established in Canakkale in an attempt to prevent the threat of epidemics from the Mediterranean area. The Istanbul Supreme Council of Sanitation was established in 1839. A consolidated International Sanitary Convention was agreed in 1903. These were early forms of global health governance. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
