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    Chemical composition and suitability of some Turkish thermal muds as peloids
    (SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2018) Celik Karakaya, Muazzez; Karakaya, Necati
    Thermal muds have been used in many spas for the treatment of different diseases as well as to clean and beautify the skin and in different forms such as mud baths, masks, and cataplasms. Mineralogical and chemical compositions and the possible toxicity of the peloids were investigated and compared with some limits to determine whether they have any health benefits and potential applications for pelotherapeutic treatments. The studied peloid samples were collected from 19 spas in different parts of Turkey and they were classified as neutral to slightly alkaline, with a high electrical conductivity value that had a high chlorine content and was regarded as highly conductive. The temperature of the peloids was between 23.2 and 61.0 degrees C. The mineralogical composition mainly comprised smectite and illite, partially quartz and feldspar, some carbonate (calcite and dolomite), and other minerals. The most abundant clay mineral was Ca - montmorillonite. The major and trace element contents of some of the peloids were similar to each other, while the contents of some toxic elements showed a clear variation. Toxic element contents, e.g., As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Sb, of the peloids were higher or lower than the commercial herbalist day, pharmaceutical clay, natural clay, average clay, and Canadian Natural Health Products Guide. The toxicity of some hazardous elements was compared, especially that of the pharmaceutical clay, and evaluated together with other parameters. Toxic elements were higher than in the pharmaceutical clay in most of the peloids.
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    The physical and physicochemical properties of some Turkish thermal muds and pure clay minerals and their uses in therapy
    (SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2017) Celik Karakaya, Muazzez; Karakaya, Necati; Aydin, Senar
    The physical and physicochemical properties of thermal muds (peloids) from 20 spas in Turkey were defined and compared with those of naturally pure clay minerals, smectite, illite, sepiolite, and kaolinite, to define the suitability of their use in pastes, masks, creams, and/or mud baths. The liquid and plastic limit values of the peloids show medium to high plasticity. The values of the pure clay minerals vary from 110 to 369 and 60 to 130, respectively, being higher than those of the peloid samples except for illite and kaolinite. The peloid samples show very soft, soft, semihard, hard, and fluid properties according to the consistency index. The CEC values of the peloids vary from 10.11 to 36.01 meq/100 g. The abrasivity of the peloids and clay minerals ranges from 0.58 to 3.12 mg/m(2) and 0.05 to 0.37 mg/m(2), respectively. The viscosity values of the peloid samples are variable and the thixotropic values are considerably higher in some peloid samples. In the pure clay minerals, sepiolite shows high values. The oil absorption capacity of sepiolite is higher than that of the other clay minerals. The peloids with high CEC, swelling, and absorption capacity may be suitable for the removal of oils, toxins, and contaminants from the skin.
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    Toxic element contamination in waters from the massive sulfide deposits and wastes around Giresun, Turkey
    (SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2014) Karakaya, Necati; Celik Karakaya, Muazzez
    This study assessed the quality of water polluted with mine drainage waters, some of which is used for drinking and agriculture, in the urban areas of the Giresun region, Turkey. A total of 40 water samples were collected from the main rivers and stream, spring, and drainage waters. All samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The tectonically controlled massive sulfide deposits hosted in the Maastrichtian-Eocene magmatic rocks are either active or have been abandoned. The main ore mineral assemblages are chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and pyrite. The oxidation of the sulfide minerals in the deposits and wastes has caused acid mine drainage (AMD). Most of the spring, stream, and drainage waters have a strongly acidic pH and high sulfate content, and concentrations of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Cu can reach extremely high values. In addition to these elements, the concentrations of Cd, As, Mo, Se, Sb, Tl, and Bi are higher than the international and national drinking water guideline limits. Fe, Al, and Zn levels in stream, spring, and drainage waters are substantially higher than those in the rivers. The risk index values of hazardous elements in the river water show no or low risk, while most of the stream, spring, and drainage waters show high and/or extremely high risk values. The concentrations of the metals and pollution levels of most of the stream, spring, and drainage waters may pose great environmental risks through the changes they cause and disturbances brought to the living things in the area.