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    The effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles on the Godene travertine used in historical structures in Konya (Turkey)
    (ELSEVIER, 2016) Gokce, Mehmedi Vehbi; Ince, Ismail; Fener, Mustafa; Taskiran, Taha; Kayabali, Kamil
    Travertine, a building material used around the globe for its decorative and easy-to-be-worked features from past to present, is naturally exposed to the freeze-thaw (F-T) process in cold regions in winters. As a result of this process, building stones deteriorate partially or completely. The greatest factor during the F-T process is the existence of water. The water contained in the body (in discontinuities and pores) of a building stone freezes along with the fall of temperature below 0 degrees C. Following freezing, the volume of water contained in discontinuities and pores increases. New fractures develop on the surfaces of pores as a result of outward pressure due to this increase in volume. As the temperature drops below 0 degrees C, the volume of water increases again, due to freezing. This process repeats itself with the decrease and increase in temperature and causes undesired deteriorations in the bodies of stones. This issue is quite important from the point of view of preservation and restoration of historical buildings, and foreseeing the effects of the F-T process on new buildings to be designed. In this study, the effects of the F-T process on Godene travertine were investigated. Godene travertine is a stone that has been widely used in historical buildings in Konya, a city that also covers catal Hoytik, which is known as one of the oldest human settlements in Anatolia. The stone is still being used in buildings constructed in the region. Fresh travertine stones obtained from the quarry were exposed to freeze and thaw cycles in different numbers. Values of porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (sigma(u)), point load strength (I-s(50)), Brazilian tensile strength (sigma(t)), Bohme abrasion loss (BA) and P wave velocity (V-p) were statistically evaluated and thus, the effects of the number of cycles on basic physical and mechanical characteristics of the Godene stone were investigated. Furthermore, deteriorations that took place in historical structures in the region were case-studied. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    A prediction model for uniaxial compressive strength of deteriorated pyroclastic rocks due to freeze-thaw cycle
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Ince, Ismail; Fener, Mustafa
    Either directly or indirectly, building stone is exposed to diverse atmospheric interactions depending on the seasonal conditions. Due to those interactions, objects of historic and cultural heritage, as well as modern buildings, partially or completely deteriorate. Among processes involved in rock deterioration, the freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle is one of the most important. Even though pyroclastic rocks have been used as building stone worldwide due to their easy workability, they are the building stone most affected by the F-T cycle. A historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey, Cappadoia encompasses exceptional natural wonders characterized by fairy chimneys and unique historical and cultural heritage. Human-created caves, places of worship and houses have been dug into the pyroclastic rocks, which have in turn been used in architectural construction as building stone. Using 10 pyroclastic rock samples collected from Cappadocia, we determined the rock's index mechanical properties to develop a statistical model for estimating percentage loss of uniaxial compressive strength a critical parameter of F-T cycle's important value. We used dry density (rho(d)), ultrasonic velocity (V-p), point load strengths (I-S(50)), and slake-durability test indexes (I-d4) values of unweathered rocks in our model, which is highly reliable (R-2 = 0.84) for predetermination of percentage loss of uniaxial compressive strengths of pyroclastic rocks without requiring any F-T tests. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.