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Öğe Apoptosis and Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury Developed After Haemorrhagic Shock: Experimental Study(2006) Kalkan, Erdal; Eser, Olcay; Avunduk, Mustafa Cihat; Coşar, Murat; Fidan, Hüseyin; Kalkan, SerpilBACKGROUND: Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that plays a role in some normal and pathological conditions. In this study, we investigated the apoptosis during cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in response to haemorrhagic shock in a rat model. METHODS: Thirty-six adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, haemorrhagic shock (HS), ischemic reperfusion (IR), 1st hour IR, 3rd hour IR, 6th hour IR and 24th hour IR. Rats were sacrificed by taking blood from intracardiac area after finishing the experiment. The tissues were fixed using neutral buffered 10% formaldehyde solution for histopathological examination. Tissues were stained immunohistochemically with APO 2.7 and positive expression apoptotic cells were counted using a Clemex Vision Lite 3.5 vision analysis system. RESULTS: There were 2-3 apoptotic cells in the control group (group 1) and this number increased to 8-11 in the haemorrhagic shock group (group 2) (p<0.05). Secondary or more serious injury occurs during ischemic reperfusion injury. The number of apoptotic cells increased to 11-14 at the 1st hour (group 3) and it was significant as compared to group 2 (p<0.05). The number of apoptotic cells significantly increased to 15-17 by the 3rd hour (group 4) as compared to group 3 (p<0.05). While there was no additional increase by the end of the 6th hour (group 5) as compared to group 4, the number of apoptotic cells significantly increased to 18-24 by the end of 24th hour (group 6) as compared to group 5 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The majority of injuries to the brain following haemorrhagic shock occur during ischemic reperfusion. We observed that apoptosis increases step by step on the 1st, 3rd and 24th hours after ischemic reperfusion injury.Öğe The effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the apoptotic index in the peritoneum(HEALTH COMMUNICATIONS INC, 2007) Tosun, Murat; Samli, Hale; Arikan, Yueksel; Solak, Mustafa; Sahin, Ali; Soeylemez, Zafer; Kalkan, SerpilDuring laparoscopic surgery, gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), helium, or normal air are insufflated into the intra-abdominal cavity so the surgeon can obtain a clear surgical field; however, this insufflation technique may cause injury to the intra-abdominal organs. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different pressures of CO2 on the apoptotic index in the peritoneum during laparoscopic surgery. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in the study. CO2 was insufflated into the intra-abdominal cavity via an angiocatheter cannula by an insufflator at pressures of 10 and 20 mm Hg over 60 min. In the control group, the cannula was inserted into the intra-abdominal cavity, but no gas was insufflated. After 60 min, the rats were killed; peritoneum was harvested from the abdominal wall and was cultured in the cell culture laboratory. Apoptotic and living cells were detected immunohistochemically, and the apoptotic index was calculated and statistically analyzed. The data collected revealed that the apoptotic index increases in proportion to the level of CO2 pressure. CO2 pneumoperitoneum is a very useful technique. Gas pressure must be carefully set during the operation, however, or injured mesothelial cells may cause serious malfunction.Öğe Evaluation of neuroprotection by melatonin against adverse effects of prenatal exposure to a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug during peripheral nerve development(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Keskin, Ilknur; Kaplan, Suleyman; Kalkan, Serpil; Sutcu, Mustafa; Ulkay, M. Basak; Esener, O. BurakThe potential ability of melatonin to protect against impairment of the fetal peripheral nerve system due to maternal consumption of diclofenac sodium (DS) was investigated. Eighty-four pregnant rats were divided into seven groups: control (CONT), saline administered (PS), DS administered (DS), DS with low-dose melatonin administered (DS + MLT10), DS with high-dose melatonin administered (DS+MLT50), low-dose melatonin administered (MLT10), and high-dose melatonin administered (MLT50). After the pregnancy, six male newborn rats from each group were sacrificed at 4 and 20 weeks of age. Their right sciatic nerves were harvested, and nerve fibers were evaluated using stereological techniques. Mean numbers of myelinated axons, axon cross-section areas and the mean thickness of the myelin sheet were estimated. Four-week-old prenatally DS-exposed rats had significantly fewer axons, a smaller myelinated axonal area, and a thinner myelin sheath compared to CONT group (p < 0.05). Although melatonin at both doses significantly increased axon numbers, only a high dose of melatonin increased the diameter of those axons (p < 0.05). At 20-weeks of age, myelinated axon number in the DS group was not only significantly lower than all other groups (p < 0.05) but also the cross-sectional area of these axons was smaller than all other groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups regarding the mean thickness of the myelin sheet. The current study indicates that prenatal exposure to DS decreases the number and the diameter of sciatic nerve axons and that melatonin prophylaxis can prevent these effects. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe I?nsan Erkek Gonadlarının Fetal Dönemdeki Gelişiminin Histolojik Değerlendirilmesi(2001) Tosun, Murat; Büyükmumcu, Mustafa; Aktan, Murad; Duman, Selçuk; Kalkan, Serpil; Soylu, RefikAmaç: Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Histoloji Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalında yapılan bu çalışmada fetal dönemde erkek gonadlarının gelişiminin izlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyel ve Metod: Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalında spontan düşük yoluyla elde edilmiş 26 adet erkek fetüs piyesinin gonadları çıkartıldıktan sonra klasik parafin tekniği ile takip edilip bloklandı. Her blokdan 5 m kalınlığında kesitler alınıp Hematoksilen Eosin ile boyandı. Kesitler ışık mikroskobunda değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Seminifer tübüllerin fetal gelişim sürecinde ilk haftalarda çok değişik çap ve büyüklüklerde olduğu ancak ilerleyen haftalarda benzer yapısal özellikler gösterdiği görüldü. Seminifer tübüller içinde yer alan spermatogoniaların ve Sertoli hücrelerinin sayılarının giderek arttığı, bununla birlikte, Leydig hücre sayısının 19. haftaya kadar arttığı ve bu dönemden sonra azaldıkları tespit edildi. Seminifer tübül lümeninin 19. hafta civarına kadar mevcut olmadığı, interstisiyel dokunun yani ekstrakordal bölümün ilerleyen yaşa bağlı olarak daha düzenli ve organize bir yapı aldıkları tespit edildi. Sonuç: Elde edilen bulgular gonadların intraembriyonik gelişimlerinin çok kompleks ve bununla birlikte sistematik bir düzen içinde gerçekleştiğini ortaya koymaktadır.Öğe Özofagus’un gelişiminin 17 ile 32 haftalar arasındaki fetuslerde histomorfolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi(2005) Tuncer, Işık; Tosun, Murat; Kalkan, Serpil; Soylu, RefikAmaç: Gastrointestinal sistemin embriyonik dönemde gelişimi oldukça kompleks ve sistematik bir tarzda ilerler. Bu çalışmanın amacı insan özofagus’unun fetal dönemde 17-32 haftalar arasında gelişiminin histolojik olarak incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada Selçuk Üniversitesi Meram Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalında bulunan ve spontan düşük sonucu elde edilmiş ve etik olarak piyes haline getirilmiş insan fetüslerinden gebelik haftası 17 ila 32 arasında değişen 20 tanesi seçildi. Bu fetüslerden alınan özofagusa ait doku parçaları rutin histolojik doku takibi metodları ile takip edilip parafine gömüldü ve Hematoksilen-Eosin ile boyanıp ışık mikroskobunda incelendi. Bulgular: 17-20 haftalar arasında özofagus histolojik yapısının henüz oldukça zayıf organizasyon gösterdiği, 21. haftada organizasyonun daha hızlandığı ve 27. haftada özofagus’un normal histolojik bileşenlerinin büyük kısmının genel anlamda yerleştiğini belirledik. Sonuç: Özofagus’un fetal dönemde gelişimi 21. hafta civarında hızlanmakta ve 27. hafta civarında genel anlamda tüm histolojik yapılar organize olmaktadırÖğe p53 expression and apoptosis in liver and spleen during CO2 pneumoperitoneum(SPRINGER, 2008) Arikan, Yueksel; Tosun, Murat; Saykol, Volkan; Kalkan, Serpil; Erdem, SerpilBackgrounds and aims Laparoscopic surgery techniques have been increasingly preferred to classic laparotomy by surgeons since 1987. However, this method has some important adverse effects on intra-abdominal organs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different pressures of CO2 on apoptosis and p53 expression in cells in liver and spleen. Methods In total, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. CO2 was insufflated into the intra-abdominal cavity via angiocatheter cannule by an insufflator in two different pressures of 10 and 20 mm Hg for 60 min. However, in the control group, only cannule was inserted into the intra-abdominal cavity, but no gas was insufflated. After 60 min, the rats were killed and laparotomy was applied. The liver and spleen were excised. The samples were histologically processed and immunohistochemistry was applied. Results All the data revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in liver and spleen increases in proportion to CO2 pressure level. No p53 expression was detected in both organs. Conclusion CO2 pressure level and application time may affect on cells living in liver and spleen. High pressure and/or long application time may cause releasing of cytokines and superoxide radicals from these organs' cells, and transient or serious organ dysfunctions may occur.Öğe P53 expression between 13-27 weeks old human male fetus gonads(SPRINGER, 2007) Tosun, Murat; Tosun, Emine; Kalkan, Serpil; Avunduk, Mustafa CihatP53 is a tumor suppressor gene and a critical component of cellular mechanisms that respond to genotoxic stresses. During normal fetal development, some of these cells lose their genomic stability because of intensive cell proliferation. They arrest cell cycle progression and repair genomic stability by p53 induction or die via apoptosis. If p53 is overexpressed, some structures may have different abnormalities. This study was conducted to investigate normal p53 expression in human male gonads during second trimester. Twenty one normal human male fetuses' testes in 2nd trimester were processed and immunohistochemistry was applied. The spermatogonia with nuclear and perinuclear staining, were accepted as p53 (+). The number of p53 (+) spermatogonia was counted in randomly 10 different seminiferous tubules. The results suggest that p53 expression in gonads of human male fetuses significantly increases in the 20th week.
