Yazar "Karakaya, Necati" seçeneğine göre listele
Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 34
Sayfa Başına Sonuç
Sıralama seçenekleri
Öğe Activation energy of polarization due to electrical conductivity and dipole rotation in purified ca-bentonite(ELSEVIER, 2012) Kucukcelebi, Hayreddin; Durmus, Haziret; Deryal, Abdullah; Taser, Mehmet; Karakaya, NecatiWe determined the activation energy for dipole rotation and electrical conductivity by analyzing the frequency dependent dielectric permittivity measurements of purified Ca-Bentonite. The measurements were performed at four different temperatures between 296 K and 353 K and at frequencies between 5 Hz to 5 MHz. We used the Havriliak-Negami (HN) relation to represent the polarization due to dipole orientations and the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) relation with a power law term to represent the interfacial polarization. We obtained expressions for the real and imaginary parts of electric modulus M*(omega). We determined the relaxation times for HN and MWS contributions from a fit of the experimental data. Subsequently, the activation energies for HN and MWS contributions were obtained from an Arrhenius plot. The activation energy for the HN and MWS processes were found to be 22.3 kJ/mot and 18.2 kJ/mol, respectively. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Altınekin (Konya) civarının jeolojisi ve mineralojik petrografik incelemesi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1991) Karakaya, Necati; Baş, HalilKonya'nın 65 kuzeyinde Altınekin ilçesi ve civarında yapılan çalışmada; üst Paleozoyik, Mesozoyik ve Senozoyik yaşlı kayaç toplulukları incelenmiştir. Çalışma alanının stratigrafisi, jeolojik evrimi ve özellikle metamorfizma derecesi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde üst Paleozoyik yaşlı metamorfiklerin jeolojik, mineralojik-petrografik özellikleri incelenerek, Altınekin bölgesinin yaklaşık 210 km2,lik bir bölümünün 1/25 000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası yapılmıştır. Amaçlanan doğrultuda laboratuvar çalışmalarında optik mineraloji ve kil mineralojisi gibi petrorafik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda bölgedeki metamorfiklerin mineral parajenezleri tanımlanmıştır. Tabandan itibaren sırayla petrografik inceleme lerde: glokofan-klinozeosit-zeosit-muskovit-klorlt-granat; pumpelli yit-epidot-albit-tremolit-klorit-stilpnomelan-prehnit; muskovit-klo- rit-albit; kalsit-zirkon-titanit. X-ışınlarında ise: illit-klorit -pi rof i 1 1 i t-gl okof an ; pirofillit-klorit- illit-glokof an ; illit-simek- tit-klorit parajenezleri belirlenmiştir. İnceleme alanının düşük-or ta sıcaklık ve orta-yüksek basınç metamorfizma koşullarında kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanında yer alan üst Paleozoyik yaşlı metamorfikler Altınekin grubu adı altında toplanarak, Milis, Karasivri, Nuras, Kağşak formasyonlarına ayrılarak incelenmiştir. İnceleme alanında birim üzerine uyumsuz olarak üst Triyas yaşlı Yenice formasyonu ge lir. Bu birimlerin üzerine tektonik dokanakla üst Kretase yaşlı of1- yolitik karışığı gelmektedir. Karışığı uyumsuzlukla üst Miyosen yaş lı Akıncılar formasyonu üzerler. Tüm bu birimler bölgenin deformasyonu sonucu oluşan çakıllı, kumlu, killi Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı çö- kellerle örtülmüştür. İncelenen alanda tektonizma sonucu oluşan yapısal unsurların eksenleri KB-GD yönündedir. Bu yapılar gül diyagramlarında da ortaya çıkan KD-GB yönlü bir sıkışma tektoniğini göstermektedir.Öğe Chemical composition and suitability of some Turkish thermal muds as peloids(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2018) Celik Karakaya, Muazzez; Karakaya, NecatiThermal muds have been used in many spas for the treatment of different diseases as well as to clean and beautify the skin and in different forms such as mud baths, masks, and cataplasms. Mineralogical and chemical compositions and the possible toxicity of the peloids were investigated and compared with some limits to determine whether they have any health benefits and potential applications for pelotherapeutic treatments. The studied peloid samples were collected from 19 spas in different parts of Turkey and they were classified as neutral to slightly alkaline, with a high electrical conductivity value that had a high chlorine content and was regarded as highly conductive. The temperature of the peloids was between 23.2 and 61.0 degrees C. The mineralogical composition mainly comprised smectite and illite, partially quartz and feldspar, some carbonate (calcite and dolomite), and other minerals. The most abundant clay mineral was Ca - montmorillonite. The major and trace element contents of some of the peloids were similar to each other, while the contents of some toxic elements showed a clear variation. Toxic element contents, e.g., As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Sb, of the peloids were higher or lower than the commercial herbalist day, pharmaceutical clay, natural clay, average clay, and Canadian Natural Health Products Guide. The toxicity of some hazardous elements was compared, especially that of the pharmaceutical clay, and evaluated together with other parameters. Toxic elements were higher than in the pharmaceutical clay in most of the peloids.Öğe Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi kil mineralleşmelerinin oluşumu ve kökeni(Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, 2007) Karakaya, Necati; Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Faure, KevinDoğu Karadeniz provensi boyunca volkanojenik masif ve damar tip sülfit yatakları ile ilişkili durumda yaygın ve yoğun hidrotermal alterasyon gözlenmektedir. İnceleme alanından derlenen numuneler üzerinde tüm kaya ve kil numunelerinin X-ışınları difraksiyonu (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM) ve enerji dispersiv spektrometre (EDS) çalışmaları ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Kil mineral toplulukları Geç Kretase volkanik kayaçları (bazaltik, andezitik, dasitik, riyodasitik ve riyolitik lavlar ve piroklastikler) içerisinde gözlenmiştir ve özellikle de Geç Kretase-Paleosen intrüzyonları ile ilişkilidir. Geç Kretase volkanizması den oluşmuştur. Volkanik kayaçların hidrotermal alterasyonu; propillitik, fillitik (serisitik) alterasyonlar, hematitleşme, silisleşme ve alunitleşme şeklinde gelişmiştir. Alunit, kaolinit, jips ve nabit sülfür yüksek sülfitleşme zonlarında, kaolinit ve silis polimorfları killeşme zonlarında ve serisit (illit) ise fillitik zonda gözlenmiştir. Bazı kaolinit oluşumları silis polimorfları ve kısmen illit içerirken, bazıları kaolinitler saf olup 5-30 cm lik bantlar halinde, beyazaçık yeşil renklidirler. İllit genellikle 2M politipinde olup kristalinitesi iyidir. İllitlerin oksijen izotop değerleri ‰ 6-8 (VSMOW) arasında olup, deniz suyundan yüksek sıcaklıklarda (200-300oC) oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Volkanik kayaçları içinde gözlenen, bindirme fayına paralel olarak gelişmiş 1-2 m genişlikteki bir zonda gözlenen hidrotermal, beyazımsı- çık yeşil renkli kaolinitin oksijen izotop değerleri ‰ 16-17 arasındadır ve bu değerlere göre muhtemelen deniz suyunun benzer değerleri ile denge halindeki 75- 100oC arasındaki sıcaklıklarda oluşmuştur. Alterasyon zonlarında genellikle Ca-montmorillonitten oluşan iki tür bentonit oluşumu belirlenmiştir. Yeşilimsi-sarımsı yeşil renkli olan birinci tür bentonit oluşumu hemen hemen saf montmorillonitten oluşurken, ikinci tür beyazımsı-pembe renkli olanlar az miktarda (%5-10) silis polimorfları içerir. Her iki tür bentonit oluşumunun oksijen izotop değerleri (‰ 23-29), bu bentonitlerin halmrolizle oluştuğunu gösterir. Ca-montmorillonit türü simektitlerde tabaka aralarında Na veya K bulunmasında bölgeler arasında bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir.Öğe GEOLOGY AND CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF THE ZEOLITE-BEARING DEPOSITS SOUTHEAST OF ANKARA (CENTRAL TURKEY)(CLAY MINERALS SOC, 2015) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Karakaya, Necati; Yavuz, FuatThe pyroclastic sediments studied here contained varied amounts of zeolite and were formed in the saline alkaline Tuzgolii Basin following the alteration of dacitic volcanic materials during the Early to Late Miocene. The present study focused on the geological-geochemical properties of the zeolites and describes their formation. Mineralogical and chemical compositions were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results indicated that the zeolitic tuffs consisted mainly of heulandite/clinoptilolite (Hul/Cpt), chabazite, erionite, and analcime associated with smectite. Smectite, calcite, and dolomite are abundant in the clay and carbonate layers which alternate with the zeolitic tuffs. K-feldspar, gypsum, and hexahydrite (MgSO4 center dot 6H(2)O) were also found in some altered tuffs and clay-marl layers as accessory minerals. The zeolite and other authigenic minerals showed weak stratigraphic zonation. Some vitric tuff layers contained no zeolite minerals and others were found to consist of almost pure Hul/Cpt and chabazite layers with economic potential. The rare earth elements (REE), large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and high-field strength elements (HFSE) in the Hul/Cpt-rich tuffs and vitric tuffs were enriched or depleted relative to the precursor rock, while many major elements were slightly or significantly depleted in all zeolitic tuffs. The amounts of REE in the chabazite- and erionite-rich tuffs were generally smaller than those in the precursor rock. The middle and heavy REE (MREE and HREE, respectively) were abundant in the Hull Cpt-rich tuffs, tuffs, and smectitic bentonites. Chondrite-normalized REE values of the sample groups are characterized by sub-parallel patterns with enrichment in LREE relative to HREE. The mineral assemblages and geological setting indicated that zeolite diagenesis occurred in a saline-alkaline basin. The delta O-18 and delta D compositions of the Hul/Cpt, chabazite, and smectite indicated that the minerals formed at low to moderate temperatures and that some of the zeolitization occurred due to diagenetic alteration under closed-system conditions that varied according to the nature of the basin and with the composition and physical properties of the volcanic materials.Öğe Hydrothermal Alteration of the Saplica Volcanic Rocks, Sebinkarahisar, Turkey(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2001) Karakaya, Necati; Çelik Karakaya, MuazzezA widespread, intense hydrothermal alteration zone has: developed in the Cretaceous Saplica volcanics as a result of the intrusion of Late Cretaceous-Paleocene granitoids. The propylitic, phyllitic (sericitic), and argillic alteration along with hematite, silica polymorphs, and two types of tourmaline mineralization developed under a wide range of Eh and pH conditions. Alunite, kaolinite, and silica are abundant in the argillic alteration, whereas sericite dominates in the phyllic alteration. Most of the major alunite deposits are located along the periphery of the Saplica volcanic rocks and in addition contain alunite, kaolinite + quartz +/- opal +/- cristobalite. Illite and pyrite, barite, and gypsum also occur in small amounts. Major and trace elements are concentrated in, or were leached from, the volcanic rocks, depending upon the alteration types. In general, Al + K and Mg + Ca + Fe were enriched in the alunitic + sericitic and propylitic alteration types, respectively. On the other! hand, Ca, Mg, and Fe were leached during argillic alteration, and Fe was concentrated in hematite formation. Strong leaching of Na was determined for alteration types. Silica generally decreased in argillitic (kaolinitic and alunitic) alteration zones. Most trace elements were mobile during hydrothermal alteration. Y, Sc, Mo, Cr, Co, Ni, and Zn tend to be mobile in acid aqueous systems, and thus are nearly absent in these alunitic alteration zones. In the surrounding kaolinitic envelope, these elements are present at background (average) or slightly higher concentrations. Rb and Sr contents are high in the alunitic and kaolinitic zones. Barium is highest near the alunite zone because of the relative insolubility of barite in acidic solutions. Pb and Cu contents increase in the propylitic zone. Such hydrothermal alteration zones can be used effectively in the exploration and evaluation of mineral resources of the eastern Black Sea region.Öğe Kaolin Occurrences in the Erenler Dagi Volcanics, Southwest Konya Province, Turkey(V H WINSTON & SON INC, 2001) Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Karakaya, Necati; Temel, AbidinMainly calc-alkaline, andesitic, and dacitic volcanics from different late Miocene-Pliocene eruption centers crop out WSW of Konya, and locally are interbedded with lacustrine sediments. Hydrothermal alteration within these rocks is widespread. In addition to kaolinite, other major alteration products include halloysite, alunite, cristobalite, quartz, illite, montmorillonite, and zeolite-group minerals. Based on the cristobalite-quartz relationship, the kaolinization temperature is estimated as similar to 100 degreesC. The samples were mineralogically and chemically examined using XRD, SEM-EDS, IR, DTA-TG, and XRF. The crystallinity of the kaolinite is moderate, and shows structural disorder. Both the kaolinite and halloysite are almost stoichometric. Kaolinization generally led to Al2O3 increases and release of alkalies, alkaline earths, most of the Fe2O3, and SiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3 contents are low, and LOI is very high for halloysite deposits relative to kaolin occurrences. The kaolinite-alunite assemblages indicate that pH of the altering solutions initially was similar to4. SEM investigation demonstrates that kaolinite has booklet texture, whereas halloysite is acicular to needle-shaped. The chemical, mineralogic, and firing properties of the kaolin deposits are appropriate for use as refractory raw material. The Erenler Dagi kaolin deposits are excellent examples of the acid-sulfate type of hydrothermal alteration. The findings of the study may be useful in exploration for similar hydrothermal mineral occurrences worldwide.Öğe MAJOR, REE, TRT, LILE AND HFS ELEMENT BEHAVIOR IN THE ALTERATION OF THE KONYA VOLCANITES (TURKIYE)(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Karakaya, Necati; Karakaya, Muazzez CelikMainly high-K, calc-alkaline, Late Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks cropped out of Konya area in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The volcanic rocks are predominantly andesitic to dacitic in composition and rarely basalt, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite and pyroclastics. Mineralogic compositions, major, trace and REE element composition of the investigated rock samples was analyzed. Kaolinite, illite, Ca-montmorillonite, alunite, jarosite, minamiite and silica polymorphs were formed by widespread and intense hydrothermal alteration in or around of the volcanic products. Nearly all major and trace elements are more or less mobile in the samples. The most prominent geochemical characteristics of altered parent rocks include substantial variations in the concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and partly K. Fe2O3+MgO and Na2O+CaO content are between 5.97 and 8.48 in parent rocks which is typically dacite. Increasing alteration intensity is coupled with a gradual decrease in these elements, in weakly altered rocks 5.31 and 7.0, while in moderately altered rocks 1.21 and 0.63, respectively. The element contents Culminating in intensely altered kaolinitic (1.29 and 0.55) and alunitic rocks (0.22 and 0.55). This decreasing trend is indicative of plagioclase destruction and formation of argillization and sericitization. Loss of alkalis and Fe and Mg causes to enrichment of Al and Si in altered rocks and seems to be an important alteration effect for the area as well. Al is mainly enriched all rocks group, Fe+Mg were leached, except weakly altered ones. These elements show important decrements relative to parent and weakly altered rocks. The parent rock has a CIA of 49.85. CIA of weakly altered rocks is 51.41 and has a REE pattern almost identical to the parent rock. Moderately weathered rock has a CIA of 85.35 and is depleted in total REEs relative to the parent. REE patterns and total REE contents of the kaolinitic with CIA value of 97.87 and alunitic samples having CIA value of 79.43 are different from each other and the parent and the other rock groups. The total REE, TRTE and LIL element content are higher in alunitic rocks than the other alteration products. The HFS elements are shown visible changes in studied sample suites, meanwhile its concentrations is lower in kaolinitic rocks than the other sample groups. Slightly negative Eu anomalies were observed in parent and weakly altered rocks while the other sample groups show no Eu anomaly. The HFS and TRT elements are slightly mobilized in weakly altered rocks, whereas enriched in other alteration types. Elements commonly assumed to be immobile (e.g., Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, TiO2, Al2O3, REE) show variation in mass calculation. LIL elements showed enrichment over REE and MREE, and similar behavior, while opposite to HFSE. A clear increment of trans-transition elements (TRTE) were found in mainly in alunitic and partly in kaolinitic samples.Öğe MINERALOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF NEOGENE AGED SEDIMENTARY UNITS OF POLATLI, SW ANKARA (TURKEY)(INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Karakaya, NecatiUpper Paleozoic aged metamorphic rocks, which consist of micaschist, phyllite, metasandstone, marbles, meta dolomitic limestones were located at the basement. Upper Cretaceous ultrabasics have been overturned upon the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. The Late Upper Cretaceous plutonic rocks are unconformably overlain by the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene volcanics, volcanism composed mainly tuffs and minor amount of volcanic breccia, agglomerate, trachyte and trachyandesitic lava flows and lacustrine volcano-sedimentary rocks. The volcano-sedimentary rocks generally composed of elastic, clayey, calcareous rocks (dolomitic and calcitic), tuffceous, evaporitic and silicified sediments. Mineralogic and geochemical properties of Neogene aged sedimentary units were investigated along from fourteen stratigraphic sections. Dolomite and dolomite+sepiolite are found in the bottom layers while calcite+dolomite and mainly calcite occur in the upper layers. In addition to carbonate minerals, some clay and nonclay minerals are determined, generally in the middle layers of some sections. Non clay minerals are mainly quartz, feldspar and gypsum. Palygorskite, smectite (montmorillonite and) saponite and illite minerals are other clay minerals that are found in less quantity. Brown, pale brown and white sepiolite types were defined by means of colour. XRD, chemical analysis, SEM and EDS were made in all samples, and also delta O-18 and delta C-13 isotope analysis of calcite and dolomite were made. Mineralogic composition, REE, TRTE, HFS and LIL element content of different stratigraphic section were determined. Mineralogic composition was generally controlled by major element content. Sepiolite content of the sections are controlled by generally SiO2, detrital mineral and partly MgO content. The composition of most calcites and dolomites are relatively homogeneous and low-Mg or high-Ca to near stoichiometry (3.029Öğe MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND THE ORIGIN OF TWO TYPES OF ANALCIME IN SW ANKARA, TURKEY(CLAY MINERALS SOC, 2013) Karakaya, Necati; Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Temel, AbdinAuthigenic analcimes were observed in different amounts in Miocene units in central Anatolia, Turkey. Two types of analcime occurrences were defined: (1) as continuous but inhomogeneous concentrations varying from 3 to 75 wt.% in lacustrine sedimentary rocks; and (2) as low concentrations (between 3 and 20%) and discontinuous components in the tuffs and claystones intercalated with tuff. The type 2 analcimes have been investigated by many researchers while the origin and properties of the sedimentary analcimes, which are widespread in different parts of Turkey, have not been clarified. The present study focused on the genesis and the mineralogical and geochemical properties of both types of analcime. The analcimes were investigated using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analytical methods. In the first type, other than volcaniclastic material, analcime is the only zeolite mineral. The first type of analcime was associated mainly with montmorillonite, dolomite, and feldspar and sometimes with calcite, and rarely with illite and kaolinite. The second type of analcime was found as an accessory mineral accompanied by montmorillonite, feldspar, and heulandite/clinoptilolite, and more rarely by erionite, kaolinite, and mica. The pyroclastic rocks are chemically classified into two subgroups, dacitic and andesitic rocks, with an intermediate to high silica content and a high percentage of alkali cations. Analcime in the pyroclastics intercalated with clay layers commonly replaced early-formed zeolites, such as clinoptilolite or volcanic materials. The first type of analcime was not formed from precursor zeolites and had a different origin than the second type. Type 1 analcime contains larger amounts of Si (34.19 to 34.68 Si per unit cell) and less Al and Na than in theoretical analcime. The theoretical structural formula of analcime is Na-16(Al16Si32O96)H2O. The strongly decomposing feldspar and clay minerals (in particular montmorillonite and partially illite) of the older formations and the dissolution of halite and also soda minerals, e.g. thenardite and glauberite, allow the authigenic formation of type 1 analcime, dolomite, K-feldspar, and montmorillonite in a saline and highly alkaline environment such as the marginal part of Lake Tuzgolu. Type 2 analcime may have been precipitated directly from solution, pyroclastic material, or precursor zeolite minerals in saline and alkaline lake water.Öğe MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GENESIS OF THE SEPIOLITE DEPOSITS AT POLATLI BASIN (ANKARA, TURKEY)(CLAY MINERALS SOC, 2011) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Karakaya, Necati; Temel, AbidinThe Middle-Upper Miocene-Pliocene sediments near Polatli contain commercial sepiolitic clay deposits. The sepiolite-rich Polatli basin sediments were studied to describe the sepiolitic clay deposits of the area and to assess the environments of formation using X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The Polatli basin is an elongated, rift-related graben trending NE-SW in central Turkey, filled with continental Late Miocene to Early Pliocene sediments. The sediments which comprise claystone, marl and limestone, dolostone, and evaporites are characteristic deposits of low-salinity, playa-lake depositional environments. These sepiolite-rich deposits include sepiolite, dolomite, and calcite, with minor amounts of palygorskite, quartz, moganite, amorphous silica (opal-CT), and feldspar. The sepiolite shows all the characteristic X-ray diffraction reflections of that mineral, whereas amorphous silica containing sepiolite shows some of the characteristic reflections of sepiolite, but with somewhat broader and less intense basal reflections. In the siliceous deposits, the long, fibrous, and filamentous aggregates of the sepiolite were converted to thick, short fibers, low in Mg, and showing transition to amorphous silica. Major and trace elements (e.g. Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Sr, Ba, etc.) were found almost exclusively in Mg-rich smectitic claystone and detrital silicate-rich rocks, whereas Mg, Ca, and some Si were concentrated in the neoformed minerals in the basin. The rare-earth elements (REE) and some of the high-field strength elements (HFSE), large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and transition elements (TRE) patterns were similar for detrital silicate-rich rocks and formed from neoformed mineral lithologies. The REE, TRE, LILE, and some of the HFSE contents of limestone, dolostone, and sepiolitic claystone were similar while those of detrital silicate-rich rocks and Mg-rich smectitic claystones were similar to each other. PAAS-normalized REE and other trace-element patterns were typically subparallel and depleted in neoformed minerals. All sample groups had positive Eu* anomalies, except Mg-rich smectite (0.80). Limestone, dolostone, and amorphous silica compounds showed slightly negative Ce* anomalies, whereas sepiolitic claystones, Mg-rich smectitic claystones, and detrital silicate-rich rocks had a slightly positive Ce* anomaly.Öğe MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE Na- AND Ca-BENTONITES OF ORDU (NE TURKEY)(CLAY MINERALS SOC, 2011) Karakaya, Muazzez Celk; Karakaya, Necati; Kupeli, SuayipA number of different types of bentonite deposits formed by hydrothermal alteration and diagenetic processes are to be found in the Ordu area of the Eastern Black Sea region. The Ca- and Na-bentonite deposits are related to Upper Cretaceous tholeitic to calc-alkaline volcanites, predominantly dacite and andesite, and also include rhyodacite with lesser basalt and their pyroclastic equivalents. In the present study, dacite (PR1), perlite (PR2), moderately altered rocks (MPR), and Na- and Ca-bentonites were studied to describe and compare their mineralogical and geochemical properties and their conditions of formation by means of X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analytical techniques. Ca-bentonites, except for smectite, contain opal-CT, feldspar, biotite, and rarely pyrite, while Na-bentonites contain smectite and less feldspar, opal-CT, kaolinite, and illite. Progressive alteration of the PR2 caused depletion in K2O and Na2O and enrichment in MgO and CaO in all of the Ca-bentonite samples. Na2O was depleted in all of the Na-bentonites and in most of the MPR. The medium and heavy rare earth elements (MREE and HREE) show mass gain or mass loss in the Na-bentonites. The HREE show nearly immobile behavior in the Ca-bentonitcs. The rare earth elements (REE) and transition elements (TRE) mostly gained mass in the Ca-bentonites in contrast to Na-bentonites. Large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) are strongly depleted in all of the bentonites. The LREE, MREE, and HREE were strongly depleted in most of the MPR samples. TiO2, Lu, Tm, and Tb show immobile behavior in all samples. PR1 exhibits a slightly positive Eu anomaly. Two MPR samples show slightly positive Eu anomalies (1.03, 1.13), and one Na-bentonite sample displays a slightly positive Eu anomaly (1.04). Most of the Na-bentonites have weakly negative Eu anomalies, whereas perlite and the Ca-bentonite have a strongly negative Eu anomaly. The PR1, PR2, MPR, and Na-bentonite present a positive Ce anomaly, and the Ca-bentonite shows a moderately negative Cc anomaly. The Ca-montmorillonites are mainly hydrothermal in origin and derived from alteration of volcanoclastic material in situ and/or in the subaerial environment. The Na-montmorillonites formed by alteration and diagenesis of volcanoclastic material in the sedimentary basin.Öğe Mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of Heu-type zeolitic rocks SE of Ankara, central Turkey(MINERALOGICAL SOC, 2017) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Karakaya, Necati; Yavuz, FuatThis study focused on the mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of heulandite/clinoptilolite (Heu/Cpt)-rich zeolitic tuffs SE of Ankara (Turkey) and evaluated their potential for use as adsorbents. The main Heu/Cpt minerals correspond to the intermediate type and the Cpt-type of the heulandite series. Minor chabazite, erionite and rarely analcime and accessory feldspars, mica, smectite, and quartz were also detected. Three types of Heu were recognized according to their thermal behaviour. Cpt (type-III Heu) was thermally stable at 600 degrees C, whereas type-I Heu collapsed and type-II Heu partially collapsed. The Si/Al ratios of the Hul/Cpt ranged from 3.54 to 5.03, the G parameter (G = Ca/Al + 0.115* Al) varied between 0.78 and 1.85 and Al + Fe3+ varied between 6.27 and 8.00. The Na, K and Ca contents of Heu/Cpt varied widely and the Heu had an intermediate composition between types II and III. The Mg + Ca content is greater than the Na + K content in Heu-type II and smaller in Heu-type III zeolites. The BET surface area and the pore-size of the samples varied between 10.15 and 194.27 m(2)/g, and between 1.41 and 12.42 nm, respectively. The N-2 adsorption and desorption isotherms were comparable, but the adsorption/desorption capacity is greater in type III than in type II Heu zeolites. The cation exchange capacities of the Heu/Cpt-rich samples ranged from 185 to 280 meq/100 g.Öğe Mineralogy and geochemical behavior of trace elements of hydrothermal alteration types in the volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, NE Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Karakaya, Necati; Küpeli, Şuayip; Yavuz, FuatVolcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey, are hosted by the Maastrichtian-Eocene dacite and rhyodacite series, accompanied by lesser andesite and basalts, as well as their pyroclastic equivalents, with tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity. The ore mineral assemblages are chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcocite, covellite, bornite, and tetrahedrite. Potassic-, phyllitic- (sericitic), argillic- (kaolinitic and smectitic), silicic-, propylitic- and hematitic-alteration is commonly associated with these deposits. HFSE, LILE, TRTE and REE contents show strong variability in different alteration types resulting from interaction with acid or alkaline fluids. Sample groups showed chondrite-normalized enrichment of LREE relative to HREE and sub-parallel trends, except for the hematitic- and phyllitic-alteration types. MREE are strongly depleted in the zones of most intense silicification and kaolinization. Most sample groups have strongly- to slightly-negative Eu anomalies, ranging from 0.35 to 0.88 (mean); hematitic- (1.45) and propylitic-altered rocks (1.11) have slightly- to moderately-positive anomalies. The negative Eu anomalies indicate the low temperatures of fluids (<200 degrees C). In contrast, the positive Eu anomalies result from high-temperature hydrothermal conditions (>200 degrees C). No Ce anomaly was observed, except for phyllitic alteration where a slight positive anomaly was noted. The chondrite-normalized trace and REE patterns of the altered rocks are similar to each other, suggesting that they were derived from a common felsic source. The alteration groups formed from acid, intermediate, and alkaline hydrothermal solutions. Some transition, base and precious metals and volatile elements were clearly enriched, especially in the hematitic-, silicic-, kaolinitic- and phyllitic-altered samples. The other elements exhibit different behaviors in different sample groups. REE behavior is relatively immobile in the silicic-, hematitic-, kaolinitic- and partially in moderately- and propylitic-altered rocks, based on mass-balance calculations. LILE and HFSE appear mobile in the altered sample groups, except in the propylitic-altered rocks. TRTE behave as relatively immobile in most of samples, except in some of the silicic- and phyllitic-altered rocks, and especially in the hematitic-altered samples. HFSE, most of the transition (W, Mo, Cu, and Sb) and some other trace elements (Pb, As, Hg, Bi, Se and TI), are enriched in the hematitic-altered samples and in the some silicic-altered samples. The highest As, Bi, Mo, Se and Hg concentrations in the hematite-altered samples can be used to distinguish other alteration types and may be a useful indicator in a prospect-scale base metal exploration. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Montmorillonit Türü Kil Minerallerinde Nemin ve Sıcaklığın Dielektrik Durulma Süreçlerine Etkisi(Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2008) Durmuş, Haziret; Küçükçelebi̇, Hayrettin; Güleç, Atilla; Deryal, Abdullah; Karakaya, Necati; Zengi̇n, SelçukBu araştırmada, nemin ve sıcaklığın dielektrik özelliklere etkisini incelemek amacıyla, mineral bileşeni bakımından farklı oranda montmorillonit içeren üç kil numunesi kullanılmıştır. Numunelerin ağırlıkça nem tutma kapasiteleri zamanın fonksiyonu olarak ölçülmüş ve artan montmorillonit miktarıyla bu kapasitelerin arttığı gözlenmiştir. Farklı nem durumları için 100Hz-13MHz frekans aralığında numunelerin dielektrik geçirgenliği incelenmiş ve kayıp tanjant grafiklerindeki maksimum kayba karşılık gelen frekansın artan nem ile yüksek frekanslara kaydığı tespit edilmiştir.Diğer taraftan aynı frekans bölgesinde ve 248K-323K sıcaklık aralığında numunelerin dielektrik davranışında etkili olan durulma süreçleri incelenmiş ve kayıp tanjant piklerinin artan sıcaklıkla yüksek frekanslara kaydığı belirlenmiştir. Farklı sıcaklık ve nem durumlarında, elde edilen deneysel dielektrik tepki değerlerine Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) bağıntısının fit edilmesi ile her numuneye ait parametre seti hesaplanmıştır. Bulunan bu parametrelerden numunelerin S1, S2 ve S3 aktivasyon enerjileri sırası ile 32,67 kJ/mol, 42,93 kJ/mol ve 41,13 kJ/mol olarak bulunmuştur.Öğe The physical and physicochemical properties of some Turkish thermal muds and pure clay minerals and their uses in therapy(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2017) Celik Karakaya, Muazzez; Karakaya, Necati; Aydin, SenarThe physical and physicochemical properties of thermal muds (peloids) from 20 spas in Turkey were defined and compared with those of naturally pure clay minerals, smectite, illite, sepiolite, and kaolinite, to define the suitability of their use in pastes, masks, creams, and/or mud baths. The liquid and plastic limit values of the peloids show medium to high plasticity. The values of the pure clay minerals vary from 110 to 369 and 60 to 130, respectively, being higher than those of the peloid samples except for illite and kaolinite. The peloid samples show very soft, soft, semihard, hard, and fluid properties according to the consistency index. The CEC values of the peloids vary from 10.11 to 36.01 meq/100 g. The abrasivity of the peloids and clay minerals ranges from 0.58 to 3.12 mg/m(2) and 0.05 to 0.37 mg/m(2), respectively. The viscosity values of the peloid samples are variable and the thixotropic values are considerably higher in some peloid samples. In the pure clay minerals, sepiolite shows high values. The oil absorption capacity of sepiolite is higher than that of the other clay minerals. The peloids with high CEC, swelling, and absorption capacity may be suitable for the removal of oils, toxins, and contaminants from the skin.Öğe Potential Bioaccumulator Mosses around Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Vicinity of the Giresun Area, Northeast Turkey(WILEY, 2015) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Karakaya, Necati; Kupeli, Suayip; Karadag, Mehmet Muzaffer; Kirmaci, MesutThe study area located in the western part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, represents the eastern part of the metallogenic province of the Black Sea region. The soil, water, and some mosses from the area contain heavy metal pollution from the mines and tailings of the abandoned and partially active massive sulfide deposits and their host rocks. The surface/subsurface/underground ore bodies generally cause the acidification of groundwater and the enrichment of heavy and toxic trace metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, As, and Pb) in the water, soil, and mosses. The mosses are Rhabdoweisia crispata, Pohlia nutans, and Pohlia elongata. R. crispata is a newly reported plant in Turkey, and the abovementioned moss species are observed especially where the toxic element contents of the water and soil are enriched. The mosses are sensitive to the trace metals and thus accumulate metal ions, predominantly Fe, Al, and Mn, which are apparent in the interaction between the water and roots. R. crispata is a better accumulator of trace metals and some major elements than the other mosses. R. crispata is therefore suitable for use in the recovery of polluted soil and water affected by acid mine wastewater from active and/or abandoned mining sites in the NE of Turkey.Öğe PRELIMINARY MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALITE IN THE SOUTH OF TUZGOLU BASIN (TURKEY)(GEOBALCANICA SOC, 2017) Ercan, Hatice; Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Karakaya, Necati; Bozdag, Ayla; Delikan, ArifThe study area is located in the southern parts of Tuzgolu basin namely closed Konya basin, which is one of the largest inner/closed basin of Neogene age in the Central Anatolia (Turkey). The basin was mostly filled with the Late Cretaceous-Quaternary aged different types of minerals. The basin, in deep, starts red colored clastic sediments which are formed from thick red clastic unit was deposited in shallow-deep-shallow marine environments. This study was primarily focused on the textural properties of halite mineral in the Miocene units. The textural properties of the halite mineral have been investigated mainly for detection of environmental conditions and origin of halites as primary and secondary halites. Remnant of chevrons structures are most common primary texture preserved in ancient halite deposits. Upward-growing chevrons determined in the halite minerals show that these textures contain rich fluid inclusions and have cloudy or milky appearance. Halite minerals are interlayered with carbonate, sulfate and clay minerals in the studied core samples. The halite layers are generally observed in thick of mm-dm, salt deposits in the dm-m in size precipitated when condition are suitable that huge thickness of shoal water evaporite can accumulate in very short time frames. The thin laminates of halite indicate the fluid chemistry causing the precipitation and changed in a short time interval of the environment condition. The presence of hoper-textures in halite minerals indicated that the first precipitated on the shallow hyper saline brine pools and when they were undisturbed by wind and waves. The secondary marks were commonly observed in the drillings as the nodular structure anhydrite and mosaic texture of halite. The ratios of Cl/Br and Na/Br in the studied halite samples have very high values that are in relation to dissolution and mixing.Öğe Radioactivity and hydrochemical properties of certain thermal Turkish spa waters(IWA PUBLISHING, 2017) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Dogru, Mahmut; Karakaya, Necati; Kuluozturk, Fatih; Nalbantcilar, Mahmut TahirThe study aims to determine the radioactivity levels of thermal waters which have been used seasonally or permanently in spas for therapeutic intentions. Samples were collected from spas in different regions of Turkey. Some radionuclides (K-40, Th-232, Ra-226, Cs-137), gross alpha (GA) and gross beta (GB) activities, and physical and some chemical parameters were measured. Gamma radiation measurements for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 radionuclides were performed by using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results of the gamma spectrometry ranged from 1.385 to 11.025 mBql(-1) for Ra-226, < minimum detectable activity to 3.477 mBql(-1) for 232Th and 9.679 to 36.989 mBql(-1) for K-40. GA and GB activity concentrations were detected by using ultra-low level alpha/beta counter. The GA and GB activity ranged from 43 to 3,182 mBql(-1) and 54 to 1,950 mmBql(-1), respectively. Based on calculated annual effective dose equivalent, the total dose originated mostly from Ra-226 and slightly from K-40. Furthermore, waters with high Cl content were enriched with K-40, Ra-226 isotopes, and the source of GA and GB activity in these waters was mostly Ra-226. Strong high positive correlation between Cl, Ra-226 and total dissolved solids in Cl-enriched samples indicated that the nuclides formed from dissolved minerals in these waters.Öğe Radioactivity concentrations and dose assessments of therapeutic peloids from some Turkish spas(MINERALOGICAL SOC, 2015) Karakaya, Muazzez Celik; Dogru, Mahmut; Karakaya, Necati; Vural, Hasibe Cingilli; Kuluozturk, Fatih; Bal, Sultan SahinThe activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in peloids were studied to assess the radiologic hazard from 18 Turkish spas. The peloids are mainly used for therapeutic treatments, rheumatic diseases and aesthetic purposes. The concentrations of the natural radionuclides Ra-226, Th-232, K-40 and Cs-137 were determined with a gamma ray spectrometer using a HPGe detector. The average activity concentrations of Ra-226, Th-232, K-40, and Cs-137 in the peloids studied were 110.69, 71.52, 576.48 and 0.447 Bq/kg, respectively. The radium equivalent activities in the peloid samples ranged from 63.3 to 766.77 Bq/kg. The absorbed dose rate (D-out) varied between 37.52 and 330.67 nGy/h and most of the observed spa doses are greater than the worldwide recommended values. The annual effective dose values range from 0.26 to 2.78 mu Sv/y. The annual gonadal dose equivalents of the samples vary from 224.07 to 2283.55 with a mean of 821.99 mu Sv/y.
