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    ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF UPPER PLIOCENE SHALES IN THE AKCALAR LIGNITE BASIN, TURKEY
    (ESTONIAN ACADEMY PUBLISHERS, 2017) Mohammednoor, Mosab; Orhan, Hukmu
    In this study, organic geochemical characteristics of Upper Pliocene bituminous shale beds in the Akcalar lignite basin, southwest of Konya, Turkey, were investigated using total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analyses. Additionally, the palaeontological study was carried out to assess the depositional environment of the area. The TOC contents of the studied samples are mostly high, varying between 0.4 and 50 wt%, with an average of 21.35 wt%. The low Hydrogen Index (HI = 17-395 mg HC/g TOC) and S-2/S-3 ratio (0.15-11.4) values indicate that kerogen of the vast majority of the samples is of Type III and only a few samples contain Type II and IV kerogens. Consequently, most of the organic matter (OM) tends to generate gas, even though a small portion of it exhibits a tendency to generate gas-oil mixture. The studied bituminous rock samples characterized by low Tmax (408-511 degrees C) and Production Index (PI = 0.08-0.36) values show that the degree of thermal maturity is in the range of immature to early mature. S-1, S-2 and Potential Yield (PY) values range from 0.04 to 16.16 mg HC/g rock, 0.07 to 115.56 mg HC/g rock and 110 to 131720 ppm, respectively. These values imply, in terms of hydrocarbon generation potential, that the studied samples have a source rock potential from poor to excellent. Additionally, the S1 hydrocarbon type values indicate no external contribution of migrated hydrocarbons to the bituminous rocks of the studied area. The lacustrine sediments including coal and bituminous shale beds in the Akcalar lignite basin were deposited in a fresh water lacustrine environment with periodically changing depositional conditions from deep to shallow and to stagnant swamp.
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    PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DOLOMITES OF KIZILOREN FORMATION (KONYA, TURKEY)
    (INT SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SGEM, 2008) Dinc, Salih; Orhan, Hukmu
    The Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Kiziloren formation outcroping around the Kiziloren mountain, 40 kin to the west of Konya begin with dolomite at the base and, grades upward into calcitic dolomite, dolomitic limestone and limeston,. Dolomites are two types; mimetic and non-mimetic. In mimetic dolomit, pellet fossils, ooid and intraclast were poartially or totaly preserved. In non-mimetic dolomite, the depositional texture were totally destroyed. It is composed of euhedral, hemihedral, dirty-brownish coloured, non zoned and fine to coarse dolomite crystals with linear and intended crsytal boundaries. The CaCO(3), MgCO(3) ratios and Sr, Mn, Fe content of dolomites are determined as % 53-61 mol, % 39-47 mol and 65-171 ppm, 3-37 ppm, % 0,01-0,12 respectively. Having a MgCO(3) ratio close to % 50 and a low Sr content are interpreted as the dolomite in the study area was approached to the stoichiometric dolomite. The Sr(+2)/Ca(+2) ratio of dolomitization solution was calculated as having a range between 0,023-0,066. This is higher than present day sea water, and can be interpreted as either the Sr(+2)/Ca(+2) ratio of oceanwater when Kiziloren formation formed was higher than today seawater or unsufficient removal of Sr in diagenetic environment during transformation processes of aragonitic limestone to dolomite.
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    Sedimentological characteristics of Quaternary Aydincik tufa (Mersin-Turkiye)
    (SPRINGER, 2015) Orhan, Hukmu; Kalan, Fethiye
    The Aydincik tufa crops out in an area of approximately 1 km(2) along the Mediterranean coast of AydA +/- ncA +/- k town (Mersin-Turkey) located at the southern flank of the central Taurus mountain belt comprising clastics and carbonates ranging from Late Proterozoic to middle Eocene and several NE-SW aligned faults. It comprises seven texturally different facies: phytoherm framestone facies, phytoherm boundstone facies, micritic tufa facies, crossbedded carbonate sandstone facies, carbonate-coated conglomerate facies, pebbly carbonate sandstone facies, and tufa breccias facies. Of these, the phytoherm framestone facies and the phytoherm boundstone facies were deposited at the peripheral part of lake, whereas the micritic tufa facies toward the lake depocenter. Tufa breccias facies and crossbedded carbonate sandstone facies were resulted from erosion and redeposition of fragments from previously formed units such as phytoherm framestone and boundstone by fluvial activities developed within the environment. The tufa samples are composed of low-Mg calcite, and the terrigenous material in all tufa facies is generally very low. C and O isotop data show that the deposition of the AydA +/- ncA +/- k tufa took place under cold water condition. The sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics of the facies points that the AydA +/- ncA +/- k tufa was deposited in a fluvio-lacustrine environment in which the terrigen input was very low and was feeded by water from springs developed along the faults close to the Aydincik tufa.
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    Sedimentology and geochemistry of the Kavakkoy Travertine (Konya, central Turkey)
    (SPRINGER, 2018) Karaisaoglu, Seda; Orhan, Hukmu
    In the Kavakkoy region located at Southwest of Konya (central Turkey), four Quaternary travertine mounds and two recent travertine deposition sites are roughly aligned along the Seydiehir Fault Zone. Water temperature of recent travertine sites is about 39 and 19 degrees C. Six different facies were determined from the Kavakkoy Travertine: crystalline crust travertine, paper-thin raft travertine, coated bubble travertine, pisoid, lithoclast travertine and shrub travertine facies. Sedimentological, morphologic and geochemical characteristics of these facies point toward depositions in slope and depressional depositional systems. Rare element content and isotopic values of different facies are distributed on diagrams as two separate clusters. After comparing with two recent travertines, it is hypothesized that they are most probably related to the temperatures of travertine formation water. High C-13 contents and calculated C-13 values, using Panichi and Tongiorgi's (in: Proceedings of the 2nd UN symposium on the development and use of geothermal resources, San Francisco, CA, 20-29 May 1975, pp. 815-825, 1976) equation, imply that parent water was charged with CO2 from a deep origin. Significant differences in the C-13 and O-18 isotopic values of recent travertines at two different sites have been interpreted as being related to water circulation path and source of CO2. The travertine precipitated by water with a temperature of 19 degrees C has comparatively short and shallow fluid flow paths and low (normal) heat flow and has CO2 isotopic signatures, indicating a comparatively large quantity of CO2 contribution from decarbonation of limestone. In contrast, the travertine formed by relatively hot water (39 degrees C) had been conductively heated during percolating through thick Paleozoic-Cenozoic sequence and has incorporated a comparatively large quantity of CO2 derived from mantle sources.
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    Soft-sediment deformation structures in the late Miocene Selmo Formation around Adiyaman area, Southeastern Turkey
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2011) Tasgin, Calibe Koc; Orhan, Hukmu; Turkmen, Ibrahim; Aksoy, Ercan
    The Selmo Formation was deposited in the basins associated with the Southeastern Anatolian Thrust Belt and East Anatolian Fault Zone in SE Turkey. These structures developed as a result of compressional stresses created by the movement of the Arabian plate to the north and the Eurasian plate to the west from early Miocene to late Pliocene. The outcrops of the Selmo Formation in the Adyyaman area (SE Turkey) comprise braided river deposits (lower alluvial unit) at the base, lacustrine and deltaic deposits in the middle (lacustrine unit) and low sinuousity river and alluvial deposits at the top (upper alluvial unit). Soft-sediment deformation structures were developed in sandstone, siltstone and marl of the deltaic and lacustrine unit of the Selmo Formation. These are slumps, recumbent folds, load casts, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, neptunian dykes, chaotically associated structures and synsedimentary faults. The tectonic setting of the basin, the lateral extent of the soft-sediment deformation structures over tens of kilometers, their similarities to deformation structures interpreted as being induced seismically in other regions worldwide or in a laboratory setting, and being confined by undeformed layers suggest that the main trigger system was related to seismic activity in the area. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.