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    Effects of hourly, daily and seasonal variation of hazardous gases and climatic factors on the welfare of sheep housed in solid-floor confinement barns
    (SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES, 2019) Seyfi, S. Uzal; Ilhan, F.
    Ambient air quality in livestock buildings is one of the most important factors affecting environmental pollution and global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are among the most hazardous gases in terms of human and animal health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hourly, daily and seasonal variations in the levels of hazardous gases, such as CO2, CH4, NH3 and H2S in a solid-floor confinement sheep barn; as well as the effect of climatic parameters, temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and air flow (AF) on animal welfare. The correlation between hazardous gases and climatic factors in the barn was also determined. The study was carried out on a sheep farm between July 2012 and June 2013 in Konya (Turkey) where few data are currently available on this subject. Climatic data were measured at intervals of five minutes at different points during this study, while hazardous gases were measured at the same intervals during the experimental periods (10 days for each season). All data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's method was used to reveal intergroup differences. Cross-bilateral correlation between all data and different time periods was examined. There were significant differences between hourly and daily mean values of CO2, NH3, T, RH and AF. CO2 and NH3 levels showed a significant correlation with T and RH. Unfortunately, H2S and CH4 were below the level of detection in the study. Reducing the formation of these harmful gases, which have negative effects on animal production and cause environmental pollution, will be carried out with new sheep barn designs that take into account ambient air quality appropriate for animal welfare.
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    Hourly and seasonal variations in the area preferences of dairy cows in freestall housing
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2013) Seyfi, S. Uzal
    Barn designs that promote animal comfort and that reflect preferences of dairy cattle play an important role in increasing animal production. This study was performed in freestall barn housing in Konya (Turkey) to determine the hourly and seasonal variation occurring in the barn area preferences of dairy cows. Behaviors of dairy cows were observed in a freestall barn at a commercial dairy farm from 2006 to 2007 using continuous video data (24 h per d). The behaviors of the cows in the barn were videotaped for a total of 40 d (960 h) over 4 seasons (10 d for each season) using a 60-min scan sampling technique. The study design included the hourly and seasonal rates of usage of 5 different parts of the barn area. In addition, temperature and humidity were measured on an hourly basis. The values of the cow comfort index, cow stress index, and stall usage index (SUI) were calculated. All behavioral phenotypes were analyzed with a factorial experimental design. The relationship between the barn area preferences of the dairy cattle and the climatic data for the barn area was significant. The open area (a courtyard) was used at a higher rate by dairy cattle for resting, standing, and walking. In addition, the courtyard area was preferred to the freestalls for resting or lying. The rates of usage of the courtyard during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 39.0, 20, 66.1, and 52.2%, respectively. The usage rates of the stalls for these seasons were 22.5, 35.7, 4.6, and 8.6%, respectively. The cow comfort index values for autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 0.19, 0.29, 0.03, and 0.05, respectively. The cow stress index values for these seasons were 0.27, 0.29, 0.23, and 0.22, respectively. The qualities and size of the barn areas should allow comfortable movement of the animals. And, it is very important that new barn designs incorporate area preferences and the comfort of the cattle rather than high-cost investments.