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    A Simple Semi-preparative Reversed-phase HPLC/PDA Method for Separation and Quantification of Glycyrrhizin in Nine Samples of Glycyrrhiza glabra Root Collected from Different Geographical Origins
    (WILEY, 2014) Basar, Norazah; Talukdar, Anupam D.; Nahar, Lutfun; Stafford, Angela; Kushiev, Habibjon; Kan, Asuman; Sarker, Satyajit D.
    Introduction - Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as 'liquorice', is one of the most popular ingredients in several traditional herbal medicinal preparations, and glycyrrhizin is the major glycoside present in this plant. The content of glycyrrhizin may vary among G. glabra samples collected from various geographical origins, which may affect the therapeutic efficacy. Thus, quantification of glycyrrhizin in G. glabra samples is important. Objective - To develop and validate a simple semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) method for separation and quantification of glycyrrhizin in nine samples of G. glabra root collected from various geographical origins. Methods - Dried and ground root of G. glabra was Soxhlet-extracted sequentially with n-hexane and methanol (MeOH). The separation and quantification of glycyrrhizin was achieved on a C-18 reversed-phase semi-preparative column using a gradient mobile phase, 30-100% solvent B in solvent A in 30 min (solvent A: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water and solvent B: 0.1% v/v of TFA in MeOH), at a flow rate of 3.00 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. Results - A simple semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC/PDA method allowing clear separation and quantification of glycyrrhizin content in nine samples has been validated in terms of linearity, selectivity, limits of detection, precision, accuracy and detection. Concentration levels of glycyrrhizin were between 0.177 and 0.688% w/w of dry materials. Conclusion - This method is precise, less time consuming and more cost effective, and can be used for the quality control of any G. glabra sample with regard to its glycyrrhizin contents. Copyright (C) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Utilization of the Ability to Induce Activation of the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-like Factor 2 (Nrf2) to Assess Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Liquorice Samples
    (WILEY, 2016) Basar, Norazah; Nahar, Lutfun; Oridupa, Olayinka Ayotunde; Ritchie, Kenneth J.; Talukdar, Anupam D.; Stafford, Angela; Kushiev, Habibjon
    IntroductionNuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of many detoxification enzymes. Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signalling pathway can be a target for cancer chemoprevention. Glycyrrhiza glabra, common name, liquorice', is used as a sweetening and flavouring agent, and traditionally, to treat various ailments, and implicated to chemoprevention. However, its chemopreventive property has not yet been scientifically substantiated. ObjectiveTo assess the ability of liquorice root samples to induce Nrf2 activation correlating to their potential chemopreventive property. MethodsThe ability of nine methanolic extracts of liquorice root samples, collected from various geographical origins, to induce Nrf2 activation was determined by the luciferase reporter assay using the ARE-reporter cell line, AREc32. The antioxidant properties were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. ResultsAll extracts exhibited free-radical-scavenging property (RC50=136.39-635.66 mu g/mL). The reducing capacity of ferrous ion was 214.46-465.59M Fe(II)/g. Nrf2 activation indicated that all extracts induced expression of ARE-driven luciferase activity with a maximum induction of 2.3 fold relative to control. These activities varied for samples from one geographical location to another. ConclusionsThe present findings add to the existing knowledge of cancer chemoprevention by plant-derived extracts or purified phytochemicals, particularly the potential use of liquorice for this purpose. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates expression of many detoxification enzymes, and Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element signalling pathway can be a target for cancer chemoprevention. The ability of liquorice root samples to induce Nrf2 activation correlating to their potential chemopreventive property was assessed by the luciferase reporter assay using the ARE-reporter cell line, AREc32. All extracts induced expression of ARE-driven luciferase activity, but this activity varied for samples from one geographical location to another.