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Öğe Biological traits and prey consumption of Anthocoris minki fed on Agonoscena pistaciae and Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) amygdalinus(SPRINGER, 2011) Yanik, Ertan; Unlu, LeventThe predatory insect Anthocoris minki Dohrn (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is an indigenous Anthocoris species for the biological control of pests in pistachio orchards. The pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Homoptera: Psyllidae) is an important insect pest in pistachio trees in Turkey. Similarly, Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) amygdalinus (Schouteden) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a pest of almond trees that is considered as alternative prey for A. minki when pistachio psylla are not available in early spring on pistachio trees. The development time, survival percentage of immature stages, longevity, fecundity, prey consumption, and life table parameters of A. minki fed on A. pistaciae and B. amygdalinus nymphs were determined at 25 +/- 1A degrees C, 70 A +/- 5% r.h., and a 16 h:8 h (L:D) photoperiod under laboratory conditions. The nymphal survival rate was significantly higher when nymphs were fed on A. pistaciae (an average of 96.7%) than on B. amygdalinus (an average of 71.4%). The development time of A. minki was significantly shorter when nymphs were fed on B. amygdalinus (10.3 days) as opposed to A. pistaciae (11.0 days). No significant differences among prey species were found for longevity and fecundity. The total female longevity and fecundity of A. minki was 38.0 days and 247.2 eggs, respectively, when nymphs were fed on A. pistaciae; and 35.4 days and 233.0 eggs, respectively, when nymphs were fed on B. amygdalinus. On average, 104.4 A. pistaciae and 77.7 B. amygdalinus nymphs were consumed during the nymphal development time for A. minki. Adults of A. minki consumed significantly more psyllids than aphids throughout their life span. The greater difference did not significantly inpact the longevity and fecundity of A. minki. Females of A. minki consumed an average of 631.0 A. pistaciae and an average of 273.3 B. amygdalinus nymphs, while female predators consumed significantly more prey than males. The intrinsic rate of increase (r (m) ) of A. minki fed on A. pistaciae (0.174) was significantly greater than those fed on B. amygdalinus (0.148). The successful development and reproduction of both A. pistaciae and B. amygdalinus indicates that they are suitable prey for A. minki.Öğe Control of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella by the mating disruption technique on cotton in a semi-arid region of Turkey(SPRINGER, 2011) Unlu, Levent; Mezreli, EyyupThis study evaluated the effectiveness of mating disruption pheromones for the pink bollworm (PBW) Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) and determined the damage levels of cotton plants in Turkey in 2007 and 2008. Adult populations were monitored by pheromone traps, with 250 pieces ha(-1) of PBW rope dispensers used for each treated field of approximately 12 ha. Calculations were based on comparing cotton yield in the control field with that in treated fields. The PB-Rope L dispensers significantly decreased both number of males in the pheromone traps and cotton boll damage. Results showed that PB-Rope L dispenser application during the square period of cotton plants effectively reduced damage. Cotton yield of treated fields was increased compared with control fields by 20.28% and 10.28% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Infestation ratios were determined by comparing cotton bolls collected from treated fields with bolls from control fields; the results were 25% and 15% for control fields and 16% and 4% for treated fields in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Larval densities in the control fields were higher than those in the treated fields in both years. Results showed that the PB-Rope L dispensers released pheromone satisfactorily to disrupt pest mating.Öğe Determination of Heat Requirements and Effective Heat Summations of Some Pomegranate Cultivars Grown in Southern Anatolia(SPRINGER, 2014) Ikinci, Ali; Mamay, Mehmet; Unlu, Levent; Bolat, Ibrahim; Ercisli, SezaiTemperature (high and low) is one of the most limiting environmental factors for growth and production of fruits in different parts of the world. For temperate-zone fruit species, a certain total heat requirements are needed in order to obtain ripe fruits. The aim of this study was to determine heat requirements of three commercial pomegranate cultivars ('Suruc', 'Katirbasi' and 'Hicaznar') grown in Southern Anatolia region. The cultivars showed a narrower range of heat requirements for flowering (growing degree hours, GDH), i.e. 'Suruc' (25,000), 'Katirbasi' (25,270), 'Hicaznar' (28,000) and a wide range of heat requirements for fruit ripening, i.e. 'Suruc' (73,670), 'Katirbasi' (74,105) and 'Hicaznar' (88,052) GDH. Under the Sanliurfa province conditions, two years average of effective heat summation requirement from bud swelling to 50 % flowering stage for 'Suruc', 'Katirbasi' and 'Hicaznar' cultivars are calculated as 643, 655 and 718 growing degree days (GDD) and from bud swelling to harvest are 2734, 2802 and 3289 GDD. It can be concluded that the effective heat summation of Sanliurfa province is enough for commercial growing for all pomegranate cultivars.Öğe Efficacy of mating disruption technique against carob moth, Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in pomegranate orchards in Southeast Turkey (Sanlurfa)(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016) Mamay, Mehmet; Unlu, Levent; Yanik, Ertan; Dogramaci, Mahmut; Ikinci, AliCarob moth, Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a key pest in pomegranate orchards in Southeast of Turkey. The pest causes significant damage and reduces marketability of fruits, and is difficult to control with insecticides. Therefore, it is imperative to develop environmentally sound effective alternative management approaches. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mating disruption technique and determine the appropriate application dose for the management of the pest. The study was carried out in Central and Suruc districts of Sanlurfa province (Turkey) in 2011 and 2012. SPLAT EC (Specialized Pheromone-Lure Application Technology) trade named dispenser containing 2% Z7, E9-11-dodecatrienyl formate pheromone mimic was applied at 500, 625 and 750 g/ha in three pomegranate orchards in each district. Results indicated that mating disruption technique significantly reduced the pest populations. But effectiveness of the method was less in terms of the damage rate on fruits. Pheromone applied at 500 g/ha was not effective. However, application at 625 g/ha reduced the pest populations to an acceptable level. Thus, the concentration could be considered an appropriate dose for the less abundant pest population within integrated pest management while higher population would require combining the mating disruption method with a bio-insecticide.Öğe Infestation rate and host preference of Carob moth [Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)] on different pomegranate cultivars(ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC TURKEY, EGE UNIV, 2014) Mamay, Mehmet; Ikinci, Ali; Unlu, Levent; Dogan, ErgunThis research was conducted in order to determine the infestation rate and host preference of Carob Moth [Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zell. (Lepidoptera.: Pyralidae)] on 24 years old 13 different pomegranate cultivars under field conditions in 2010 and 2011. In the research, 13 pomegranate cultivars including 3 sour, 5 tartish and 5 sweet planted in 4 x 4 m distance were used. The research was carried out on 2 trees of each cultivar from each of 3 replications according to randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In order to determine infestation rate of Carob Moth on different pomegranate cultivars damaged and undamaged harvested fruits were counted and weighed separately at full maturity. Carob Moth infestation rate of each cultivar was determined proportioning infested fruits of the cultivar to all fruits of the same cultivar. In the study, yield, infested and uninfested fruits weight (kg/tree) of each cultivar were determined individually. According to the determined average infestation rate of both years, Fellahyemez had the highest average infestation ratio (51.4%) followed by Beynari (32.59%), Cekirdeksiz (31.71%) and Cevlik (28.68%). The infestation rate of Carob Moth on pomegranate cultivars was determined as lesser on sour and tartish tasted cultivars such as Eksilik (%3.15), Hicaznar (%14.04), Mayhos-I (%14.24) and Eksi Goknar (%17.85). In the study, Beynari, Hicaznar, Mayhos-I, Cevlik and Mayhos-IV were identified as the highest yielding cultivars. In regard to yield and infestation ratio, Hicaznar and Mayhos-I cultivars had the highest yield and lowest Carob Moth infestation.Öğe Influences of temperature and humidity on the life history parameters and prey consumption of Anthocoris minki Dohrn (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)(SPRINGER TOKYO, 2011) Yanik, Ertan; Unlu, LeventAnthocoris minki Dohrn is a promising indigenous Anthocoris species for the biological control of Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut. (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in pistachio orchards in Turkey. The adult longevity, fecundity, life table parameters and prey consumption of A. minki fed on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were studied at combinations of three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30 +/- A 1A degrees C) with two relative humidity (RH) levels (40 and 65 +/- A 5%). Studies indicated that temperature and RH significantly affected adult longevity, fecundity and prey consumption of A. minki. The greatest adult female longevity was 116.0 days at 20A degrees C and 65% RH; the shortest adult female longevity was 27.5 days at 30A degrees C and 40% RH. At all tested temperatures, the oviposition period and prey consumption of both females and males significantly decreased at low RH compared to high RH. The highest and lowest total fecundities were 276.0 eggs (at 20A degrees C and 65% RH) and 42.4 eggs (at 25A degrees C and 40% RH), respectively. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (r (m)) at 40 and 65% RH were 0.049 and 0.076 at 20A degrees C, 0.072 and 0.096 at 25A degrees C and 0.076 and 0.112 at 30A degrees C, respectively. The highest mean numbers of E. kuehniella eggs consumed by females and males were 859.6 (at 20A degrees C) and 515.3 (at 25A degrees C) at 65% RH, respectively; the lowest were 183.3 (at 20A degrees C) and 95.5 (at 25A degrees C) at 40% RH, respectively.Öğe The Phenology of Emergence From Artificial Overwintering Sites by Predatory Arthropods in Pistachio Orchards and Adjacent Habitats(FOUNDATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION & RESEARCH-FEPR, 2011) Yanik, Ertan; Unlu, Levent; Yucel, AbuzerArtificial overwintering shelters composed of corrugated cardboard bands were placed on pistachio, almond, and wild almond trees located in the Sanliurfa (Turkey) province to monitor the timing of emergence from overwintering sites by hibernated predator arthropods. Almond and wild almonds adjacent to the pistachio orchards are the sources of the natural enemies of orchard pests. The bands were placed on the trees in October and collection began in January Cumulative emergence from shelters was determined in 2009 and 2010 by calendar date and degree-day basis for Oenopia conglobata, Piocoris luridus Fieb., Spiders, Hippodomia variegata, and Deraeocoris pallens Reuther. In addition, one of the most important pest species of pistachio trees, pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistacieae Burck. and Laut. were collected from these overwintering shelters. Spiders and D. pallens emerged first, D. pallens completing their emergence by early March (190 degree-days for 90% emergence) and by late March (372 degree-days for 90% emergence) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The spiders completed their emergence by late April. Piocoris luridus and H. variegata emerged later than previous taxa, and finished emergence by late March, mid April. Oenopia conglobata emerged later than the other species (began emerging from bands at about 250 degree-days), and completed emergence by early, mid April. Anthocoris minki Dohrn, and Orius spp., Neuroptera, two species of Coccinellidae and A. pistaciae occurred at lower numbers in the shelters. Results suggested that most predatory taxa were more likely to be active at the time that the initial insecticide sprays were applied in early spring. Chemical applications with minimal detrimental impact on the environment should take into account the variety of natural enemies overwintered in orchard and their emergence time.Öğe Potato: A New Host Plant of Tuta absoluta Povolny (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Turkey(ZOOLOGICAL SOC PAKISTAN, 2012) Unlu, LeventTomato moth (Tuta absoluta Povolny) damaging the tomato plant was first observed in Turkey in 2010. The population of T. absoluta was monitored weekly and the damage was assessed in the potato growing areas of Karapinar Station of Konya Source of Soil and Water Research Institute. The pheromone traps were also used to assess the population during the blooming period. The number of mature males trapped in one week rose up to 224.Öğe Storage studies of different stages of Anthocoris minki Dohrn (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) under low temperatures(ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC TURKEY, EGE UNIV, 2015) Yanik, Ertan; Unlu, LeventThe goal of this study was to evaluate the biological parameters of the predator Anthocoris minki Dohrn (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) over various periods of growth at low temperatures. Storage studies were conducted for the following three stages: 1) 1-3 stage nymphs, 2) 4-5 stage nymphs, and 3) adult stages. All stages of the predator were stored at 7, 11, and 15 +/- 1 degrees C for 10, 20, 30, and 40 days under continuous scotophase. During storage, food eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were added once a week. Following storage, the predator was transferred to long day periods (16:8 [L:D] h, 25 +/- 1 degrees C). A lower survival rate (7.33%) was determined for the 1-3 nymph stage following storage at 7 degrees C for 40 days. The highest survival percentage (90.0-92.0%) was determined for 1-3 stage nymphs and adult stage stored at 11 degrees C for 10-30 days. The largest quantity of eggs was obtained when A. minki was stored at 11 degrees C. Overall, our results indicated that A. minki can be stored for up to 40 days at 11 degrees C.
