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    Metabolomic profile of Salvia viridis L. root extracts using HPLC-MS/MS technique and their pharmacological properties: A comparative study
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2019) Zengin, Gökhan; Mahomoodally, Fawzi; Picot-Allain, Carene; Diuzheva, Alina; Jeko, Jozsef; Cziaky, Zoltan; Cvetanovic, Aleksandra; Aktümsek, Abdurrahman; Zeković, Zoran; Rengasamy, Kannan R.R.
    Several Salvia species have received due scientific attention regarding their therapeutic virtues, yet little is known about the pharmacological potential of Salvia viridis L. roots. This study, therefore, attempts to explore the phytochemical composition, enzyme inhibitory potential, and antioxidant activities of S. viridis ethanolic root extracts obtained by different extraction methods, namely microwave-assisted extraction, maceration, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic assisted extraction. The extract produced by ultrasonic assisted extraction possessed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (111.41 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 23.46 mg rutin equivalent/g extract). S. viridis ethanolic root extract obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction showed highest radical scavenging (240.00 and 302.85 mg Trolox equivalent TE/g for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) assays, respectively) and reducing (970.74, 704.27 mg TE/g, and 2.84 mmol TE/g for CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and phosphomolybdenum assays, respectively) activities. Chemical profiles of these extracts were investigated by HPLC MS/MS, and the profiles (23 components) of the supercritical fluid extract was different from other extraction techniques. The study reports for the first time, the inhibitory action of ethanolic root extract of S. viridis on key enzymes related to Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase), diabetes (a-amylase, a-glucosidase), and skin hyperpigmentation disorders (tyrosinase). Data generated from this study appraises the multiple biological activities of plants belonging to the Salvia genus. Scientific evidence gathered in this study support further investigations which might lead to the development of new pharmaceutical entities for the management of diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and skin hyperpigmentation conditions.