An International Comparison of Female and Male Students' Attitudes to the Use of Animals

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dc.contributor.authorPhillips, Clive
dc.contributor.authorIzmirli, Serdar
dc.contributor.authorAldavood, Javid
dc.contributor.authorAlonso, Marta
dc.contributor.authorChoe, Bi
dc.contributor.authorHanlon, Alison
dc.contributor.authorHandziska, Anastasija
dc.date.accessioned2020-03-26T18:13:44Z
dc.date.available2020-03-26T18:13:44Z
dc.date.issued2011
dc.departmentSelçuk Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractPrevious research has demonstrated that in households where the male partner is more dominant, there is convergence in male and female attitudes towards animals, whereas if the female partner is empowered they exhibit greater empathy towards animals than the male partner. We tested this theory of 'female empowered empathy' internationally in a survey of female and male students' attitudes towards use of animals, conducted in 11 Eurasian countries: China, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Iran, Ireland, South Korea, Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Spain and Sweden. Gender empowerment was estimated for each country using the Gender Empowerment Measure designed by the United Nations. The survey was administered via the internet in universities within countries, and 1,902 female and 1,530 male student responses from 102 universities were received. Respondents rated the acceptability of 43 major concerns about human use of animals, and the importance of 13 world social issues, including animal protection, environmental protection and sustainable development. Females had greater concern for animal welfare and rights than males. There was a positive correlation between the Gender Empowerment Measure and the ratio of female to male concern for animal welfare and rights, but not for other world issues. Thus in countries where females were more empowered, principally Sweden, Norway and Great Britain, females had much greater concern than males for animal issues, whereas in other countries the responses of males and females were more similar. Across countries female students were more likely to avoid meat and less likely to avoid eggs, milk and seafood than male students, and were more likely to have kept pets than males. Females rated cats as more sentient than males did. The results demonstrate that females have greater concern for animal welfare and rights than males, and that this is more likely to be expressed in countries where females are relatively empowered, suggesting that 'emancipated female empathy' operates across countries as well as at a local level.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUniversity of QueenslandUniversity of Queensland; Australian Government's Australian Animal Welfare StrategyAustralian Governmenten_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors acknowledge the considerable input of Jia Meng in the design of the study, management of overseas collaborators and collation of the data. We also acknowledge the efforts of student volunteers, and the financial support of the University of Queensland and the Australian Government's Australian Animal Welfare Strategy. We received the assistance of UQ Gatton's statistical advisor, Allan Lisle, and are also grateful to Anna Olsson from Portugal, who was unable to return enough respondents to be included in the survey, and Hans Petter Kjaestad from Norway for his assistance.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ani1010007en_US
dc.identifier.endpage26en_US
dc.identifier.issn2076-2615en_US
dc.identifier.issue1en_US
dc.identifier.pmid26486211en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.startpage7en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani1010007
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12395/26119
dc.identifier.volume1en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000518545600003en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/Aen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMeden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.ispartofANIMALSen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.selcuk20240510_oaigen_US
dc.subjectanimalsen_US
dc.subjectattitudesen_US
dc.subjectAsiaen_US
dc.subjectEuropeen_US
dc.subjectgenderen_US
dc.subjectwelfareen_US
dc.titleAn International Comparison of Female and Male Students' Attitudes to the Use of Animalsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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